American History of Civil Rights

Black women, and their sisters of in all early(a) races, had to wait until after the end of World War I to get the franchise. Gays and lesbians have been able to vote as farseeing as the larger group to which they belonged (women, African-Americans, etc.) could vote, but it has only been with the utmost generation that gays and lesbians formed an openly self-designated and acknowledged voting close down and that they (along with any atomic number 53 else) had the option of voting for openly gay candidates for office. Other minority groups - including women and members of racial minorities - have run for public office in increasing numbers since the 1960s.

What is most striking about these efforts to murder the vote and to hold public office, as Post and Rogin (1998) argue, is not that members of minority groups were denied the franchise or excluded from office, but rather that in general so many women, gays, and minorities have believed in the American system of governance strongly tolerable to work indoors the system, as Acosta (1989) suggests. This belief may be a nanve one - for certainly many minorities have worked for years within the American legal and political systems to see only incremental improvements in their status - but it is nonetheless encouraging. If substantive potpourris can be made in American society so that all groups can achieve equality without resorting to

It would be a perfectly natural response for women (who could until late be legally raped by their husbands and who still pull in 70 cents on the dollar to what men in corresponding positions make and are called "chairman" and "foreman") or blacks (who were forced to sit in the back of the bus for generations after the elegant War was supposed to free them from a second-class beingness) or gays (who are much often the victim of hate crimes today than the members of any other group) (http://www.usdoj.gov) to try to create their own structures, to baulk to participate in American political life at all.

And indeed, some have done so: Malcolm X, for example, argued that African-Americans would never be treated as full equals within the American political framework and so must choose a subversive path if they wished to find a meaningful and equal existence for themselves. But most people - from Sojourner Truth to Susan B. Anthony to the mother of Matthew ward - have chosen to work within the framework of the American legal and political system, believing that the system is powerful enough to protect all Americans, and flexible enough to bear the changes necessary to expand the basic rights of citizenship to all people.

Acosta, Oscar, Zeta. Revolt of the Cockroach People. young York: 1989.

violence then perhaps it is worth waiting for those changes - even off while actively seeking to make the nation more equitable. One of the measures of a nation must be whether change for good can be brought about through peaceful means.

Post, R. & M. Rogin (eds.). Race and representation: Affirmative action. Boston: M.I.T, 1998.

Chavez, Leo. The Color impound: The Campaign to End Affirmative Action. Berkeley: UC Press, 1998.

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