Retamars Caliban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retamars Caliban - Essay Example Unlike Rodo who depicts Latin America identified as the spiritually-driven Ariel, Retamar reads into the role of an apparent barbaric, savage Caliban to find Latin American culture as a heroic, rebellious people. "Retamar rereads Caliban's barbarity as the organic revolutionary consciousness of the popular classes" says Maria Josefina Saldaana-Portillo2. The fragment chosen for this essay clearly exemplifies this dichotomy. A word (mambi) imposed by conquerors is re-significated to give identity and to rebel against those same conquerors. As David Kazanjian explains: "Caliban becomes the sign of the possibility of using the language and practices of the colonizer against colonization".3 The problem with defining a solid Latin American culture is that it is in continuous transformation. It has been influenced from the moment Cristobal Colon first encountered the people of Latin America, viewing them in a superficial dualistic fashion, as either the docile, reasonable, European-like Ariel; or the cannibal, irrational, ferocious Caliban. According to Retamar, this moment was defining, since it began the dichotomous interpretation of Latin America.

Program and Policy Analysis Essay Example for Free

Program and Policy Analysis Essay A gang is a group formed by a number of people, who share a same identity either through formation, or organization. According to Charles (2003), the word gang is often associated with a negative connotation. Gang activities are wide and vary from typical organized groups that involve themselves in crimes, to a general class of certain behavior that carry out a collective action intended to attain social solidarity or cohesion, especially in cults, gangs, political parties or unions. Studies have shown that, various approaches have been applied by the government, the society, law enforcers, and even the experts in an attempt to fight with the social problems caused by various gang groups. The effort is also intended to prevent formation of gangs, to rehabilitate the gangs and punish those who engage themselves in criminal activities within the gang groups. It has been stated that, gang groups differ due to different experiences in culture which include drugs, territory and nightlife. Various Approaches to Gangs The gang culture approach. According to Shaw, McKay (2004), this approach looks at the cultural experiences of the young people as the key factor which leads to the formation of gang groups. Young people and especially the blacks have felt discriminated by the media and other social groups; hence they have a tendency to form gangs by feeling hated and stereotyped. Other factors such as the way in which policies of the local governments are set up, deprivation and racism have contributed to the rise of gangs. The supporters of this approach try to prevent such factors that contribute to formation of gangs, so as to reduce the number of young people joining various gang groups. The aggressive approach is applied by the harsh and conservative governments, who believe that force must be used in order to deal with criminals in the society. Miller (2000) posited that, such governments believe in the application of harsh laws which include the use of guns to fight criminals in the society. These governments employ a Zero-tolerance principle on criminal actions. The main aim and objective of this group is to bring criminal acts in the society to the end by doing away with any gangs that may be causing such evil in the society. The belief of the aggressive governments is that, harsh measures will instill fear to the youth and discourage them from joining gangs. The liberal approach on the other hand opposes the application and the passing of harsh laws in dealing with gangs. The liberal approach is of the view that, softer laws should be applied with the aim of rehabilitating the gang members and making them better people to live in the society. This approach advocates for the formation of rehabilitation institutions, where various criminals are kept for purposes of rehabilitation other than just applying the punishment measures. The sociological approach of deviance starts by describing and explaining gangs. This approach believes that, it is important to first understand the causes which lead to the formation of a certain gang, before measures can be put in place either for intervention or prevention of such a group. This approach therefore involves researchers to carry out an interactive interview with various groups from different cultures to find out the factors that contribute to the rise of gangs. It is after the findings that strategies and policies are put in place to deal with the problem. Conditions Under which a specific Policy may be Effective and the Requirements The liberal approach can work effectively where the government offers good support to the policy makers and the prison departments in dealing with gang members in the society. For this approach to work, there is need to put in place policies which would allow a good interaction between various gang members and the law enforcers such that, people like the police can first understand the problems which lead to the formation of such gangs so that they can know how to handle the criminals (Shaw, McKay, 2004). A proper rehabilitation center should be established where the reformed criminals can be used to assist those who are engaging in crimes to change by advising them and acting as a symbol, showing that reformation is possible. There is need for the government intervention by provision of funds and trained personnel to handle criminals. There is also need to put in place preliminary data, program performance and developed working strategies to ensure that the policy works out effectively. Assessment of a Local Policy Program One of the best programs applied locally in the U. S is the comprehensive community-wide approach to the intervention of gangs, gang prevention as well as gang suppression. Where all the required equipments and policies are availed, the conditions are suitable to deal with the problem of gangs in the society. Cohen (2005) observed that, this program has been put in place and is designed to test and implement a comprehensive and accurate model for limiting the number of young people who involve them in violence. The U. S government has contributed funds and established institutions which are used to enable this approach work among the youths in the society. The sites set for this work include the OJJDPs which is equipped with strong prospects to ensure the approach is successful, preliminary data, program performance and developed working strategies have been put in place. Other sites include the San Antonio Site, the Tuscon, Bloomington and the Mesa. The program involves the whole community in various programs where gang assessment is done, strategies are made, and consensus building is done and is a team oriented method which is used to solve social problems. Shaw, McKay (2004) stated that, the program mobilizes the community including the community groups, individual groups, citizens and various agencies, who are provided with social opportunities, economic and academic support. The intervention approach is applied here where the institutions use social intervention street workers, to interact and engage the youth gangs who often stay on the streets in various helpful activities. Gang suppression is done where informal and formal control measures of criminal justice system and juvenile procedures are carried out appropriately. In comparing this local approach with the earlier approaches analyzed out in this study, the comprehensive community-wide program has been effective, as it captures the elements discussed by other approaches, by ensuring that gang members are first of all well understood by considering the factors that contribute to the formation of such gangs and then moving ahead to tackle the problem (Cohen, 2005). The program has been effective in involving the community in various programs where gang assessment is done, strategies are made, consensus building is done, and a team oriented method is used to solve social problems. This is a successful way of ensuring that gang members and those who may intend to join various gang groups feel as part of the society and avoid engaging in any criminal acts.

Tourette Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Genetics :: essays research papers fc

Usually, the first symptoms of Tourette Syndrome are facial tics, commonly eye blinking. Other facial tics include nose twitching and grimaces. The next tic to appear will usually be some other minor motor tic such as foot stomping, head jerking, neck stretching, or body twisting and bending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affected individuals may also have a vocal tic such as clearing their throat, coughing, grunting, sniffing, yelping, barking, or shouting. Few Tourette Syndrome patients also experience coperlalia-the uttering of inappropriate or obscene words or phrases. They also may repeat words they hear others saying (echolalia).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some individuals touch people or repeat actions in an obsessive manner. Very rarely, patients demonstrate self-harming behavior such as head banging, and lip or cheek biting; only patients with severe TS exhibit such behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tics are random, changing in severity, number, frequency, type, and location. Oftentimes, symptoms will subside for weeks or even months at a time and later reappear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder in which too much or too little dopamine is produced in the brain. Too much dopamine causes hyperactivity. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter used in the substantia nigra and striatum which are important for movement. Other systems which can be effected by dopamine send axons from the midbrain to the forebrain, including the cerebral cortex. Recent research has shown that TS may also be an abnormality in the genes affecting the brain’s metabolism of neurotransmitters in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourette Syndrome is a highly penetrant, sex influenced autosomal dominant trait that can cause different symptoms in different family members. If the offspring that carries the TS gene is male, his risk of developing symptoms is three to four times higher. In few cases, TS is sporadic and the cause is unknown.

Nitrogen :: essays research papers

Nitrogen was isolated by the British physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 and recognized as an elemental gas by the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier about 1776.Properties Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic gas. It can be condensed into a colorless liquid, which can in turn be compressed into a colorless, crystalline solid. Nitrogen exists in two natural forms of isotopes, and four radioactive isotopes have been artificially prepared. Nitrogen melts at -210.01Â ° C (-346.02Â ° F), boils at -195.79Â ° C (-320.42Â ° F), and has a density of 1.251 g/liter at 0Â ° C (32Â ° F). The atomic weight of nitrogen is 14.007.Nitrogen is obtained from the atmosphere by passing air over heated copper or iron. The oxygen is removed from the air, leaving nitrogen mixed with some inert gases. Pure nitrogen is obtained by partial evaporation of liquid air because liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point than liquid oxygen, the nitrogen evaporates off first and can be collected.Nitrogen composes about four-fifths (78.03 percent) by volume of the atmosphere. Nitrogen is inert and serves as a diluent for oxygen in burning and respiration processes. It is an important element in plant nutrition certain bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form, such as nitrate, that can be absorbed by plants, a process called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen in the form of protein is an important component of animal tissue. The element occurs in the combined state in minerals, of which saltpeter (KNO3) and Chile saltpeter (NaNO3) are highly important products.Nitrogen combines with other elements only at very high temperatures or pressures. It is converted to an active form by passing through an electric discharge at low pressure. The nitrogen produced is very active, combining with alkali metals to form azides with the vapor of zinc, mercury cadmium, and arsenic to form nitrides and with many hydrocarbons to form nitriles. Activated nitrogen returns to ordinary nitrogen in about one minute.In the combined state nitrogen takes has many reactions it forms so many compounds that a systematic scheme of compounds containing nitrogen in place of oxygen was created by the American chemist Edward Franklin. In compounds nitrogen exists in all the combination capacity states between -3 and +5. Ammonia, and hydroxylamine represent compounds in which the combination capacity of nitrogen is -3, -2, and -1, individually. Oxides of nitrogen represent nitrogen in all the positive combination capacity states.

Achilles & Hector Essay

The art in the vase painting in Harvard’s collection depicts an anguish-stricken King Priam pleading to a triumphant and irreverent Achilles for the return of the already desecrated body of his son, the Crown Prince of Troy, Hector. The artist of the vase painting wants to illustrate an image of nullifying status, even more so, it characterized a reversal of stature — a King kneeling and pleading to a common warrior and the body of a prince dishonored. In Book 24 of Homer’s Iliad, it narrated the weeping King Priam virtually throwing himself at Achilles’ feet beseeching the latter to release the body of his dead son. In the text, it did not state however, that the body of Hector was in the same room as King Priam and Achilles. It is noteworthy to mention at this point however that the primary reason that Hector is dead is because Achilles avenged the death of Patroclus whom Hector killed mistaking him for Achilles. Moreover, in Book 22 of the narrative, Achilles threatened Hector of the situation he will be in if he suffered death in Achilles’ hands, to wit, â€Å"dogs and vultures shall work their will upon yourself†. Achilles’ grief for the death of Patroclus has fueled his wrath towards Hector and that as an ultimate insult to Hector’s person, Achilles have left the body untended outside his tent to make good on his word of â€Å"dogs and vultures shall eat you utterly up†. Furthermore, the text speaks of Achilles â€Å"taking it [Hector’s body] to a place where Priam should not see it†. In the vase painting, we see Hector’s body below Achilles, who is holding a knife and apparently eating raw meat with blood dripping from the knife’s blade unto the dead body below. This scene can be gleaned from a prior heated exchange of words between Achilles and Hector. In Book 22 of the Iliad, Hector in his last breath spoke: â€Å"I beg you, Achilles, by your own soul and by your parents, do not allow the dogs to mutilate my body. By the Greek ships, accept the gold and bronze ransom my father and mother will give you and send my body back home to be burned in honor by the Trojans and their wives†. To which Achilles angrily uttered: â€Å"Don’t whine to me about my parents, You dog! I wish my stomach would let me cut off your flesh in strips and eat it raw for what you’ve done to me. There is no one and no way to keep the dogs off your head, not even if they bring ten or twenty ransoms, pile them up here and promise more not even if Dardanian Priam weighs your body out in gold, not even then will your mother ever get to mourn you laid out on a bier. † The vase painting seems to draw out from this war of words between Achilles and Hector and displays the aftermath and the realization of Achilles’ enraged threats. It depicted also an arrogant Achilles eating meat over a dead body — an act way beyond being rational. Whereas in the text, upon hearing Priam’s heart-wrenching plea, Achilles displayed empathy and even went as far as telling Priam that he, Achilles himself, is also in sorrow for the death of Patroclus and showed endearing sentiment when he mentioned that Priam reminded him of his own father. Moreover, in the text, Achilles even admired Priam for his candor in going defenseless and alone amidst the enemy’s lair. One of the major themes of Homer’s Iliad deals with revenge, reparation, and compensation. In portraying Priam’s plea to Achilles, the vase painting essentially captured these three themes. Achilles’ disrespect for Hector’s body speaks of revenge. Achilles, blinded by deep sorrow, did what he thought would best vindicate Patroclus. Hector’s legs were bound at the ankles as in the ultimate act of deliverance, Achilles dragged Hector’s lifeless body around the tomb of Patroclus. Hector’s death itself is the reparation for the death of Patroclus — the proverbial â€Å"an eye for an eye†. Whereas, Priam’s ransom is the compensation for and in exchange for the possession of Hector’s body. Works Cited Homer, and Stanley Lombardo. Iliad. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997. Wilson, D. F. Ransom, Revenge and Heroic Identity in the Iliad. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Toms Shoes Company

Toms Shoes Company Background of the Company Toms Shoes Company is a profit-oriented business enterprise located in Santa Monica, California. The company runs a subsidiary, Friends of Toms. Blake Mycoskie, a business enthusiast from Arlington, Texas, conceptualized Toms in 2006. Toms is a maker and distributor of shoes based on Alpargata design borrowed from Argentinean style and fashion. For every pair sold by Toms, Friends of Toms gives out a pair to a needy person.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Toms Shoes Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Blake conceived this business idea while on vacation in Argentina. He realized that many people could not afford shoes in poor Argentinean villages. This prompted him to sell his online business to raise funds for this noble cause. The company manufactures shoes in various designs and styles, all inspired by Argentinean traditional fashion. Toms Company also deals with the manufacture, s ale of eye ware and clothing items. Analysis of Internal and External Environment With regard to the internal environment, the company has several valuable assets that help to sustain and propagate continuity of its vision and mission. The most critical asset is their line of footwear being the key driver to the progress of Toms Company. The company has production centres in Ethiopia, China, and Argentina. The company’s strategic location in the United States counts as a dominant influencing factor. However, the most dominant internal advantage is its strategic plan. The company’s strategic plan is visionary, elaborate, and amazingly unique. Their main strength is the decision to donate a pair for every pair of shoes that they sell. This policy of helping the needy has continued to endear the company to millions of consumers around the world. Companies constantly evaluate their external environment to determine changes in the business landscape. The main external threa t to Toms Company is emerging competition from newcomers in the market. These companies have a business strategy and philosophy similar to that of Toms. An example of such competition is Sketchers Company. Sketchers has developed a product similar to Toms; they have also adapted the concept of donating one pair for each pair they sell. However, Toms has a competitive edge because its customers are loyal because Toms Company has an inspirational story behind its business venture. Another threat relates to pricing. The product by Sketchers is cheaper than Toms product. In the meantime, this threat has not affected business operations of the company. Another external consideration is the aspect of production and supply. Their production centres are in Ethiopia, China, and Argentina. This approach is noble because it creates jobs in these localities, thus improving lives of local residents. The cost of producing shoes is relatively fair. Toms Company has rallied support from suppliers a nd other organizations that assist in donating shoes. This effectively neutralizes potential threat of unreasonable prices from suppliers. The company has a loyal customer base because of its philanthropic approach to business.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies Toms business level strategy anchors on its unique and exemplary service that continually attracts customers and partner organizations. The company is unique and unrivalled in service delivery and customer satisfaction. The company provides an opportunity for everyone to participate in changing lives and giving hope to the poor in society. This materializes through its one for one giving policy. Through this business level strategy, the company is creating a sustainable future for posterity. This business strategy guarantees loyal support from customers and partn er organizations. Its corporate level strategy uses internal advancement as a tool for diversification. The company has dedicated employees who actualize its mission of providing shoes to the poor. Toms offers unique products that accord opportunity for charity. The company organizes corporate events that unite all stakeholders. These events help in determining new and progressive market needs. The events also promote the spirit of entrepreneurship. In fact, the company initiated a competition where customers compete to develop new and innovative footwear designs. This corporate level strategy has contributed to popularity of the company. Acquisition and Restructuring Strategies These two strategies are increasingly becoming popular and vital in contemporary business practices. A company must have well articulated acquisition and restructuring strategies. These strategies help companies to counter effects of competition in the market. They also increase confidence of customers in th e company. Toms Company revises its acquisition and restructuring strategies according to customers needs. For example, the company uses new tools and methods to market their products. They rely on social media for their marketing and publicity needs. These strategies enable the company to determine and adapt innovative business tools. International Strategies Toms Company has developed an intricate business network in the international market. Their international influence anchors on philosophy of giving to needy people. The company has an elaborate international strategy that is the hallmark of its expansion plan. The company is easily adaptable to international markets due to its extensive network of influence.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Toms Shoes Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their international foray thrives on consistency and availability of their products in the market. People in the intern ational market embrace its products because of the noble cause behind them. The international market is favourable to the company because their products are unique and of high quality. Strategic Control and Corporate Governance Toms Shoe Company does not have a functional board of directors. Its founder and Chief Executive Officer control the corporate governance of the company. People support the company because of their corporate image and philosophy that they portray. Developing and maintaining this image is a primary function of corporate governance. In business practice, it is advisable to detach management from ownership. However, the governance model at Toms is different. The founder embodies both aspects of the company. The success of this model is evident in the loyal support from its customers. They participate in company activities through social media. The company has an elaborate strategic control and corporate governance strategy. Strategic Leadership and Organizationa l Structures Organizational structures are practices that embody relations between customers, mode of operation, and application of favourable technological procedures. The company applies a simple organizational structure. In this strategy, the CEO makes key decisions. The staffs are responsible for implementation. The company focuses on fulfilling its vision and mission. This materializes through strategic leadership and appropriate organizational structure. The approach has ensured constant growth of the company. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of corporate policy practice constituted in the operation model of an organization. This policy serves as a mechanism through which a business evaluates and propagates sustainable compliance to legal provisions and acceptable business practices. CSR anchors on the desire for responsible actions and ensuring positive impact through interaction with customers, staff, environment, community, ass ociates, and members of the public. Tom’s Shoes Company is a profit-oriented and socially motivated business outfit that understands the intricate relationship between business success and social responsibility. The company has a policy of giving one pair of shoes for every pair sold. Hitherto, they have donated over one million pairs in 23 countries around the world. This CSR model has endeared the company to the social and corporate world

Battle of Beaver Dams in the War of 1812

Battle of Beaver Dams in the War of 1812 The Battle of Beaver Dams was fought June 24, 1813, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). In the aftermath of the failed campaigns of 1812, newly re-elected President James Madison was compelled to reassess the strategic situation along the Canadian border. As efforts in the Northwest were stalled pending an American fleet gaining control of Lake Erie, it was decided to center American operations for 1813 on achieving victory on Lake Ontario and the Niagara frontier. It was believed that victory in and around Lake Ontario would cut off Upper Canada and pave the way for an strike against Montreal. American Preparations In preparation for the main American push on Lake Ontario, Major General Henry Dearborn was directed to shift 3,000 men from Buffalo for assaults against Forts Erie and George as well as position 4,000 men at Sackets Harbor. This second force was to attack Kingston at the upper outlet of the lake. Success on both fronts would sever the lake from the Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River. At Sackets Harbor, Captain Isaac Chauncey had rapidly built a fleet and had seized naval superiority from his British counterpart, Captain Sir James Yeo. Meeting at Sackets Harbor, Dearborn and Chauncey began to have concerns about the Kingston operation despite the fact that the town was only thirty miles away. While Chauncey worried about possible ice around Kingston, Dearborn was fretted about the size of the British garrison. Instead of striking at Kingston, the two commanders instead decided to conduct a raid against York, Ontario (present-day Toronto). Though of insignificant strategic value, York was the capital of Upper Canada and Chauncey had word that two brigs were under construction there. Attacking on April 27, American forces captured and burned the town. Following the York operation, Secretary of War John Armstrong chastised Dearborn for failing to accomplish anything of strategic value. Fort George In response, Dearborn and Chauncey began shifting troops south for an assault on Fort George in late May. Alerted to this, Yeo and the Governor General of Canada, Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, immediately moved to attack Sackets Harbor while American forces were occupied along the Niagara. Departing Kingston, they landed outside of the town on May 29 and marched to destroy the shipyard and Fort Tompkins. These operations were quickly disrupted by a mixed regular and militia force led by Brigadier General Jacob Brown of the New York militia. Containing the British beachhead, his men poured intense fire into Prevosts troops and compelled them to withdraw. For his part in the defense, Brown was offered a brigadier generals commission in the regular army. To the southwest, Dearborn and Chauncey moved forward with their attack on Fort George. Delegating operational command to Colonel Winfield Scott, Dearborn observed as American forces conducted an early morning amphibious assault on May 27. This was aided by a force of dragoons crossing the Niagara River upstream at Queenston which was tasked with severing the British line of retreat to Fort Erie. Meeting Brigadier General John Vincents troops outside of the fort, the Americans succeeded in driving off the British with the aid of naval gunfire support from Chaunceys ships. Forced to surrender the fort and with the route south blocked, Vincent abandoned his posts on the Canadian side of the river and withdrew west. As a result, American forces crossed the river and took Fort Erie (Map). Dearborn Retreats Having lost the dynamic Scott to a broken collarbone, Dearborn ordered Brigadier Generals William Winder and John Chandler west to pursue Vincent. Political appointees, neither had meaningful military experience. On June 5, Vincent counterattacked at the Battle of Stoney Creek and succeeded in capturing both generals. On the lake, Chaunceys fleet had departed for Sackets Harbor only to be replaced by Yeos. Threatened from the lake, Dearborn lost his nerve and ordered a retreat to a perimeter around Fort George. Carefully following, the British moved east and occupied two outposts at Twelve Mile Creek and Beaver Dams. These positions allowed British and Native American forces to raid the area around Fort George and keep American troops contained. Armies Commanders: Americans Lieutenant Colonel Charles Boerstlerapproximately 600 men British Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon450 men Background In an effort to end these attacks, the American commander at Fort George, Brigadier General John Parker Boyd, ordered a force assembled to strike at Beaver Dams. Intended to be a secret attack, a column of around 600 men was assembled under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles G. Boerstler. A mixed force of infantry and dragoons, Boerstler also was assigned two cannon. At sunset on June 23, the Americans departed Fort George and moved south along the Niagara River to the village of Queenston. Occupying the town, Boerstler quartered his men with the inhabitants. Laura Secord A number of American officers stayed with James and Laura Secord. According to tradition, Laura Secord overheard their plans to attack Beaver Damns and slipped away from the town to warn the British garrison. Traveling through the woods, she was intercepted by Native Americans and taken to Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon who commanded the 50-man garrison at Beaver Dams. Alerted to American intentions, Native American scouts were deployed to identify their route and set up ambushes. Departing Queenston in late morning on June 24, Boerstler believed he retained the element of surprise. The Americans Beaten Advancing through wooded terrain, it soon became apparent that Native American warriors were moving on their flanks and rear. These were 300 Caughnawaga led by Captain Dominique Ducharme of the Indian Department and 100 Mohawks led by Captain William Johnson Kerr. Attacking the American column, the Native Americans initiated three-hour battle in the forest. Wounded early in the action, Boerstler was placed in a supply wagon. Fighting through the Native American lines, the Americans sought to reach open ground where their artillery could be brought into action. Arriving on the scene with his 50 regulars, Fitzgibbon approached the wounded Boerstler under a flag of truce. Telling the American commander that his men were surrounded, Fitzgibbon demanded his surrender stating that if they did not capitulate he could not guarantee that the Native Americans would not slaughter them. Wounded and seeing no other option, Boerstler surrendered with 484 of his men. Aftermath The fighting at the Battle of Beaver Dams cost the British approximately 25-50 killed and wounded, all from their Native American allies. American losses were around 100 killed and wounded, with the remainder being captured. The defeat badly demoralized the garrison at Fort George and American forces became reluctant to advance more than a mile from its walls. Despite the victory, the British were not strong enough to force the Americans from the fort and were forced to content themselves with interdicting its supplies. For his weak performance during the campaign, Dearborn was recalled on July 6 and replaced with Major General James Wilkinson.

The Difference Between Control Group and Experimental Group

The Difference Between Control Group and Experimental Group In an experiment, data from an experimental group is compared with data from a control group. These two groups should be identical in every respect except one: The difference between a control group and an experimental group is that the independent variable is changed for the experimental group, but is held constant in the control group. Key Takeaways: Control vs. Experimental Group The control group and experimental group are compared against each other in an experiment. The only difference between the two groups is that the independent variable is changed in the experimental group. The independent variable is controlled or held constant in the control group.A single experiment may include multiple experimental groups, which may all be compared against the control group.The purpose of having a control is to rule out other factors which may influence the results of an experiment. Not all experiments include a control group, but those that do are called controlled experiments.A placebo may also be used in an experiment. A placebo isnt a substitute for a control group because subjects exposed to a placebo may experience effects from the belief they are being tested. What Are Groups in Experiment Design? An experimental group is the group that receives an experimental procedure or a test sample. This group is exposed to changes in the independent variable being tested. The values of the independent variable and the result on the dependent variable are recorded. An experiment may include multiple experimental groups at one time. A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment such that the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variables effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternative explanations of the experimental results. While all experiments have an experimental group, not all experiments require a control group. Controls are extremely useful where the experimental conditions are complex and difficult to isolate. Experiments that use control groups are called controlled experiments. A Simple Example of a Controlled Experiment A simple example of a controlled experiment may be used to determine whether or not plants need to be watered to live. The control group would be plants that are not watered. The experimental group would consist of plants that receive water. A clever scientist would wonder whether too much watering might kill the plants and would set up several experimental groups, each receiving a different amount of water. Sometimes setting up a controlled experiment can be confusing. For example, a scientist may wonder whether or not a species of bacteria needs oxygen in order to live. To test this, cultures of bacteria may be left in the air, while other cultures are placed in a sealed container of nitrogen (the most common component of air) or deoxygenated air (which likely contained extra carbon dioxide). Which container is the control? Which is the experimental group? Control Groups and Placebos The most common type of control group is one held at ordinary conditions so it doesnt experience a changing variable. For example, If you want to explore the effect of salt on plant growth, the control group would be a set of plants not exposed to salt, while the experimental group would receive the salt treatment. If you want to test whether the duration of light exposure affects fish reproduction, the control group would be exposed to a normal number of hours of light, while the duration would change for the experimental group. Experiments involving human subjects can be much more complex. If youre testing whether a drug is effective or not, for example, members of a control group may expect they will not unaffected. To prevent skewing the results, a placebo may be used. A placebo is a substance that doesnt contain an active therapeutic agent. If a control group takes a placebo, participants dont know whether they are being treated or not, so they have the same expectations as members of the experimental group. However, there is also the placebo effect to consider. Here, the recipient of the placebo experiences an effect or improvement because she believes there should be an effect. Another concern with a placebo is that its not always easy to formulate one that truly free of active ingredients. For example, if a sugar pill is given as a placebo, theres a chance the sugar will affect the outcome of the experiment. Positive and Negative Controls Positive and negative controls are two other types of control groups: Positive control groups are control groups in which the conditions guarantee a positive result. Positive control groups are effective to show the experiment is functioning as planned.Negative control groups are control groups in which conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not unaccounted for, such as contaminants. Sources Bailey, R. A. (2008). Design of Comparative Experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9.Chaplin, S. (2006). The placebo response: an important part of treatment. Prescriber: 16–22. doi:10.1002/psb.344Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9.

Companies with low on diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Companies with low on diversity - Research Paper Example There is a realization that diversity can be a source of immense creativity and innovation. In the new light, American companies are doing their best to embrace and harness the value of diversity in all their aspects. This paper will explore ways in which these companies are embracing diversity. It will also highlight companies that are leading in embracing diversity as well those lagging behind. An understanding of the American diversity is crucial (Johnson 9). The workforce comprises Whites, African American, Hispanics, Latinos, Indians, Asians, and Africans. The Whites form the majority while the others are the minority groups. From a different angle, the minority group also includes women, and all disabled people. The American people are adherents of different religions (Wuthnow 130). The society has varying cultures and belief systems. The people grow up in different backgrounds and neighborhoods. The American society is greatly diverse. In addition, each individual has a unique personality and abilities. For companies, embracing diversity means more. Most of the companies are operating on a global front. Their markets are from different races and backgrounds. A good example is McDonalds that operates in many regions of the world (Harris 6). They realize the need to satisfy their clients. One of the strategies of survival has been to recruit a heterogeneous workforce. Such a workforce is a representation of the society. This workforce produces ideas that can address the needs of the market (Harris 58). In this sense, diversity results in innovation. Most of the companies who understand the need for diversity have a diversity officer in place. This officer ensures that the company maintains diversity and inclusion at all levels. Companies are working hard to ensure that there is inclusion in all offices and departments. Most of the companies are proving gender sensitive. A remarkable percentage of women sits in boards in many companies and indulges actively in decision-making and formulating practices at the workplace. Appreciating diversity in the American society has not been an easy venture. There are numerous challenges and the companies need to have a great deal of commitment. Such commitment drives the companies to lay down strategies that can help the company improve in appreciating diversity. Many of the companies have made remarkable progress in embracing diversity.

BIOMETRICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BIOMETRICS - Essay Example Biometric technology is an effort to diagnose the problems and fill some of the loopholes in the security setup. As of now it is being said that it’ll be almost impossible to change the biometric features of human body, which in turn will help the security people to prepare a reliable database and identify the people with criminal background. Biometrics is one of the latest applications of IT and helps us in many different cumbersome tasks in an effective manner. The term biometrics has been used since the 20th century. Biometrics refers to the field of development of mathematical methods which are applied in data analysis of problems in biological sciences. The term biometrics has been widely used in two aspects, characteristics and processes. Automated recognition for an individual requires the measurement of certain biological/behavioral characteristics of them. This is where the term â€Å"biometrics† discusses characteristics. The second is biometrics as a process, where it refers to automated methods which are used to identify individuals based on their different measurable characteristics and behaviors (as said above). Before we study different biometric systems and their implications, it is important to know the structure of a biometric system. A typical biometric system comprises of the following five integrated components: 2. The signals read through these sensors are processes through â€Å"signal processing algorithms†. These algorithms perform quality control activities on the data that has been collected through the sensors. â€Å"Biometric identification sounded like a way to prevent unauthorized users from accessing company property or info. But you may be surprised to learn how businesses are actually using the technology.† (Stuart, 2007) Biometrics has a wide variety of applications. One of the most notable one existing today is â€Å"identification† of individuals/beings. Biometric

Annual Report Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annual Report Project - Essay Example Current economic environment. Due to the global turmoil and recession, consumers became more conservative in their spending behavior. With this in mind, they purchased less and chose to buy less expensive set of goods leading to low sales by the company. Global fuel prices. Safeway has its own gas stations. The rapid increase and abrupt changes in fuel prices per gallon has greatly affected the revenue of Safeway Company. Fuel sales increased by $1408.7 million. Stores. Safeway has stores allover the United States, Canada and Mexico among others. According to Safeway’s financial report of 2011, the management declared that most of its stores are more than 47000 square feet with considerations of their site. Although they rent out certain premises, Safeway also has its own stores and these are crucial in its operations. Safeway has the policy of segregation of duties. This is where one employee or department is not given the task of running a transaction from the beginning to the end without being checked by another person. This reduces the risk of errors and intentional manipulation of information. This is possible since a specific task goes through various employees and departments and in each stage the details are counterchecked by someone different. The management of Safeway ensures that the company assets are safe and only authorized personnel can access them for company use. There is also the use of documentation of projects to ensure their movement is tracked. In this technological age, the use of closed circuit cameras is also used to monitor movement of people in and out of where documents are put under lock and key. Human beings are also stationed in strategic places as guards to protect against unauthorized entrance to protected areas. Within the accounting function at Safeway, the management has put in place measures to ensure that transactions are authorized and accurately recorded. This is done

Rule of law as one of the basic principles of the English constitution Essay

Rule of law as one of the basic principles of the English constitution - Essay Example According to Dicey (Ibid), the rule of law is one of the cardinal principles of the eight legal systems. He attributed the following aspects of the rule of law. a) Supremacy of law: Rule of law means the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power or discretionary power. It excludes the existence of arbitrariness of prerogative power or even wide discretionary authority on the part of government. Dicey asserted that the Englishmen were ruled by the law, and the law alone. He denied that in England the government was based on exercise by persons in authority or wide arbitrary or discretionary powers. (Constitution Law, 8th edition) b) Equality before law: According to this doctrine of rule of law, there must be equality before the law or equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts. In England, all [persons were subject to one and the same law and there were no extraordinary tribunals or special courts for officers of the government and other authorities. According to Dicey (Ibid) courts are supreme throughout the state. He criticized the French legal system of Droit administratiff in which there were separate administrative tribunals for ordinary people and civil servants. c) Predominance of legal spirit: Explaining the third postul... In many countries rights are guaranteed by a written constitution while in England it is not so. The rights are the result of judicial decisions in concrete cases which have actually arisen between parties. The constitution is not the source but consequence of the rights of the individuals. (J.J.R. Upadhaya Administrative law, 4th edition) In substantive sense, the rule of law sets an ideal for any government to achieve. These aspects of rule of law are as under:- a) Under rule of law, the function of legislative is to establish and maintain conditions that uphold dignity of man as an individual. b) Effectiveness of the government capable of maintaining low and order and ensuring sufficient economic and social conditions of life for free society. c) Independence Judiciary. In analyzing the formal and substantive aspects of the rule of law we can say that they are compatible with each other. This can be proved by the fact that formal aspects as well substantive aspects address the issue of fairness. This fairness is geared towards giving or affording people their rights. They should be heard and protected at all times. Both the aspects of the rule of law aim at affording an individual his independence in terms of his economic stability and his fundamental rights. In this regard both the aspects of rule of law do not conflict with each, but they endeavour to create certain conditions like political, social, economical, educational and cultural conditions which are essential to the full development of his personality. The rule of law is a dynamic concept which changes with change in social, economic and political values and

Customer service excellence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer service excellence - Essay Example This is mostly a designed plan to deliver the best to customers, and general commitment to ensure all needs and complaints are handled. Secondly, responsiveness also determines the kind and the quality of customer service (Gronroos, 2007). Most clients prefer quick response to their needs to a particular business or organization. This includes responding to their emails and calls or fixing the issues at hand. Every organization should make this their priority in order to attract and retain their customers for longer periods. Further, most clients prefer assurance from their service providers. This installs a substantial amount of confidence to them, and organization gains much trust from them in the end. Sometimes organizations find it difficult to balance their needs and expectations of clients. However, an organization can easily do this by ensuring that their main priority is to achieve maximum customer satisfaction. In my opinion, this is one of the best policies, which organizations should adopt in order to be successful in all their transactions. The reason behind this is that the customer will always leave a happy person and will surely come back again for products and services offered. Both the behavior of the individual and that of the customer affect the service quality by the end of the day. The employees of an organization must serve their clients in an outstanding manner. Customer orientation, when they are first introduced into the business, matters a lot. In most cases, they will always encounter quality services as the organizations yearn at retaining them over the years (Reponen, 2002). Secondly, the behavior of the individual determines the level of customer satisfaction as well as the value perception related to different clients of the organization. It is always advisable to ensure that all clients are attended in the best way possible. Finally, it is difficult to know and understand the

Rule of law as one of the basic principles of the English constitution Essay

Rule of law as one of the basic principles of the English constitution - Essay Example According to Dicey (Ibid), the rule of law is one of the cardinal principles of the eight legal systems. He attributed the following aspects of the rule of law. a) Supremacy of law: Rule of law means the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power or discretionary power. It excludes the existence of arbitrariness of prerogative power or even wide discretionary authority on the part of government. Dicey asserted that the Englishmen were ruled by the law, and the law alone. He denied that in England the government was based on exercise by persons in authority or wide arbitrary or discretionary powers. (Constitution Law, 8th edition) b) Equality before law: According to this doctrine of rule of law, there must be equality before the law or equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts. In England, all [persons were subject to one and the same law and there were no extraordinary tribunals or special courts for officers of the government and other authorities. According to Dicey (Ibid) courts are supreme throughout the state. He criticized the French legal system of Droit administratiff in which there were separate administrative tribunals for ordinary people and civil servants. c) Predominance of legal spirit: Explaining the third postul... In many countries rights are guaranteed by a written constitution while in England it is not so. The rights are the result of judicial decisions in concrete cases which have actually arisen between parties. The constitution is not the source but consequence of the rights of the individuals. (J.J.R. Upadhaya Administrative law, 4th edition) In substantive sense, the rule of law sets an ideal for any government to achieve. These aspects of rule of law are as under:- a) Under rule of law, the function of legislative is to establish and maintain conditions that uphold dignity of man as an individual. b) Effectiveness of the government capable of maintaining low and order and ensuring sufficient economic and social conditions of life for free society. c) Independence Judiciary. In analyzing the formal and substantive aspects of the rule of law we can say that they are compatible with each other. This can be proved by the fact that formal aspects as well substantive aspects address the issue of fairness. This fairness is geared towards giving or affording people their rights. They should be heard and protected at all times. Both the aspects of the rule of law aim at affording an individual his independence in terms of his economic stability and his fundamental rights. In this regard both the aspects of rule of law do not conflict with each, but they endeavour to create certain conditions like political, social, economical, educational and cultural conditions which are essential to the full development of his personality. The rule of law is a dynamic concept which changes with change in social, economic and political values and

Sikhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sikhism - Essay Example Some Sikhs believe their religion to be a purified Hinduism, but most consider it to be a direct revelation from God, with no connection to any other religion (Robinson, 2005). Whatever be its’ origins, Sikhism has emerged as a religion in its’ own right, with its’ unique history, beliefs, prayers, practices and concept of God. The word ‘Sikh’ in Punjabi is defined as ‘disciple’ and connotes a disciple of God. ‘Guru’ is a Sanskrit word for teacher. In Sikhism, the Gurus are considered to be Enlightened Masters. The Reht Maryada, the official Sikh Code of Conduct, defines a Sikh as any man or woman who believes in One Immortal Being, the ten Gurus, the Guru Granth Sahib- the holy book of the Sikhs, the teachings of the Gurus and the baptism introduced by the tenth Guru and does not owe allegiance to any other religion. The history of Sikhism is mirrored in the life of its’ Gurus. The first Guru was Guru Nanak Dev (1469 – 1539), who founded the Sikh religion. He was born into a Hindu family. He attained enlightenment at the age of thirty, while bathing in the river Bain and proclaimed the immortal words, â€Å"There is no Hindu, no Muslim.† He traveled extensively through the Indian subcontinent and the Persian Gulf, spreading his message of one, tr ue God through the medium of hymns and stories that would reach the common people. He was followed by Guru Angad Dev (1504 – 1552), who popularized the Gurmukhi script among the Sikhs and advocated a casteless society. He was succeeded by Guru Amar Das (1479 – 1574), who institutionalized the free Sikh communal kitchen, or langar, opposed the subjugation of women through the purdah and sati and supported widow remarriage. Through trained apostles, called Masands, he spread Sikhism throughout the country. The Fourth Master was Guru Ram Das (1534 – 1581), who founded the holy city of

Flowers, herbs and willows Essay Example for Free

Flowers, herbs and willows Essay Also, the fact that Shakespeare did not add any stage directions to the play helps the director portray the protagonists in the light they see fit. This has granted directors the licence to portray Ophelia as either virginal or sexually knowledgeable. Brannagh uses the device of flashbacks to perfectly show his audience that he sees Ophelia as being less than innocent and that she and Hamlet have previously been sexually active. He does this without taking anything away from the script and gets his point across using a dialogue-less scene. However in the most recent silver screen version of Hamlet directed by Michael Almereyda, Ophelia is portrayed as being virginal and innocent as no sexual references appear during the film. This shows how different the character of Ophelia can b portrayed, almost as they were two separate individuals. The lack of stage directions not only makes it simpler for directors to portray her the way they want, but also for the audience, as they dont have to decide whether she was innocent or not for themselves, but have it done for them. The third interpretation of Ophelia is that if her being sexually active. The scenes in which she goes mad strongly suggest her sexual knowledge comes from her own experiences with Hamlet, as she acts in a sexual manner. The songs she sings during her madness are also of a sexual nature, which further points to her being sexually active. There is evidence of sexual activity in Branaghs production, during the previously mentioned flashback scenes. Richard Corum also supports the view that she was sexually active, however Shakespeare never states whether she was a virgin or not Her conversation with Hamlet in act3 scene2 strongly suggest that she and hamlet have had sexual relations, you are keen, my lord, you are keen. The keenness may be that of his sexual lust and she teases him by pointing it out. However much this may point towards the idea that they both have had sexual relations, Shakespeare still never specifically says whether she is a virgin or not. Richard Corum investigates the symbolism and significance of the flowers, herbs and willows, that Ophelia talks off in chapter nine. Corum implies that through the flower imagery that Ophelia uses, it is undoubtedly obvious that she is not innocent. The flowers symbolize Ophelias wishes to regain her lost purity and to once again become an innocent flower. The fennel that is mentioned represents the fickleness of love. Folklore of the time also suggests that fennel and rue were abortion-inducing agents. The willow which Ophelia was holding when she was found dead, was also thought to hold the same properties, which means that Ophelia attempted to abort a pregnancy before the died. Furthermore, the term flowers was used at the time as a term for menstruation, which suggests that Ophelias interest in rosemary was a way of her trying to tell herself that her menstruation cycle continued as is normal, meaning she was trying to convincer herself that she was not pregnant. Corum also states that rue supposedly made men impotent and that in handing it to Hamlet, Ophelia was trying to prevent a situation that is now perhaps unpreventable Corums examination of the flowers in Act 4, Scene 5, seems to be viable. This is mainly due to his study being based on folklore that existed in Shakespearean times. The ideas themselves are plausible as they clearly fit into the character of Ophelia and can be related credibly to her apparent affair with Hamlet. Instead of outright stating Ophelias sexual knowledge Shakespeare uses this symbolism and imagery as subtle undertones to incorporate the idea of her sexual exploits. Shakespeare has always had strong-minded female protagonists in his plays, which means that the assertion that Ophelia is a character of considerable aptitude is not a new phenomenon. Lady Macbeth for example is the driving force behind her husbands ambition and influenced him to kill the king. Juliet is another astute and determined character despite her young age, her character proves that women can challenge the authority of the men, as she does with her father by marrying Romeo. Taking the conception of Ophelia being a strong minded and autonomous character would by no means be extreme, as the examples I have given surely provide enough evidence that Shakespeare has presented female characters as being of a significant standing.

Application Of Industrial Organizational Psychology

Application Of Industrial Organizational Psychology Application of Industrial/Organizational Psychology Two types of psychological schools include ones that are cogent, and others that are applied. Industrial psychology is an applied field of study. The basic premise of industrial psychology is the utilization of certain methodologies and other hypotheses to prevail over the problems in other areas of study, such as in businesses, corporations, and many more (Marks Murray et al., 2005). Different researchers have different meanings applied to the concept. For example, Blum and Naylor (1968) define it as simply the application or extension of psychological facts and principles to the problems concerning human beings operating within the context of business and industry (Milton et al., 1968., p. 4). Industrial psychology helps explicate which theories or types of motivation there are, as well as why certain categories of motivation are chosen. MY NEWLY-ACQUIRED UNDERSTANDING, APPLICABILITY OF THAT KNOWLEDGE, AND RESPECT FOR INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Job Performance the Differing Types First, industrial psychology is nothing more than applying psychology to organizations and the workplace. In order to complete this successfully, one must scrutinize and look into how actions and mentalities can be more efficient via genuine processes of hiring, better curriculum in the training, and improved facets of inquiry (Building Better Organizations). I believe job performance amongst others I will discuss is one of the key aspects to an organizations success or failure. Performance is done at all levels, from the entry-level workers up to the top executive officers. How well one does his or her job (job performance) could either wreak havoc or produce effective results for a company. Job implementation and its accomplishments by workers performances is a very critical facet that can relate to organizational actualizations and even positive outcomes. Campbell (1990) devised one of the more accepted performance theories. Performance is something an individual actualizes. Second, we have adequacy. It is another facet alike which is explicated as the crux of a precise malleable phenomenon of performance, efficiency, and productivity. Industrial drive serves a bold part in achievements and success in those achievements. The key point is that performance in terms of ones job has to be germane to the desired goal. Thus, attainment is mutually exclusive to activities where intentions are dissipated in accomplishing incidental goals and desires. The last portion of job performance I will focus on is multidimensionality. Job performance is not a sole unipolar construct. Lots of employment opportunities, where each individual accomplishment standards are required. Thus, actualization in terms of ones job is conceived as a dimension with lots of variables. This facet is made up of more than a single type of behavior (Campbell, 1990). Work Motivation: One of the Key Factors in Organizational Success and Expansion There is no doubt that motivation is one of the most potent weapons in an employees arsenal. Motivation is what drives one to work harder, smarter, or just do the bare minimum. Reasons for one being motivated to do something is through obtaining a desired reward, such as food, money, materialistic things, goals, etc. However, Geen (1994) has noted that motivation for an action by a person may also be because of less-obvious explications, such as altruism or ethics. Furthermore, Geen (1994) postulates that motivation points out to the start, direction, thrust, and perpetuation of the behavior of people in any setting. Types of Motivation: General Specific Many types of motivation exist in the workplace and in every other organization one may be helping and working for. Three general types of motivations are physiological, cognitive, and social motivation. Physiological motivation is explained by a drive to eat, have sex, sleep, etc. Cognitive motivation is more about achievements and aspirations. Social motivations, mostly uncommon or rare, have to do with affiliation motivations. There are also two types of motivation that are termed intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which are integral to understanding the full-fledged plethora of knowledge regarding how motivation plays a key role in organizations. But, there are specific types of motivation that underlie these general modes of motivation that need to be addressed. The first specific type of motivation that I will discuss is the achievement motivation. Accomplishment motivation is the will to obtain and reach a certain goal or goals (Shah Shah, 2010). One with the ambition to succeed desires aspirations ultimately reach achievement. There is also motivation by affiliation. Motivation by amalgamation is an inner drive to come to life with people in terms of a gregarious basis. These types of motivators are often given compliments for their outstanding working mentalities and the ability to work with others well. Competence motivation is a type of motivation which is generally looked that the persons ambition to do something well, paving way for the person to perpetrate in high valued work. Motivation in terms of power is one of the more popular types and has often been abused and misused (Abuse Facts, 2009). Indeed, Abraham Lincoln once said, Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a mans character, give him power. Receiving power will release everything you need to know about a person. Is he or she using the power for the better of customers and employees? Is he or she using it arbitrarily in improper ways? The good thing about the motivation for power is that you can use the achievement motivation technique to reach a powerful position and lead your co-workers in a benevolent manner. That is what I had to do when I reached the power of a supervisor in the Marine Corps. But I used the power to be able to look out for the welfare of my troops and to order troops to do humane and logical things. I never abused it. The fifth motivation type that is common and involves a lot of psychological methodologies is the attitude motivation. It is how individuals contemplate and feel emotionally. We are talking about ones self-image of ones self. The sixth motivation type is extremely common and perhaps the most common, which is the incentive motivation. Such persons do things-like high quality work-in order to obtain an award. It is much like B.F. Skinners operant conditioning. Car salesmen work on this type of motivation because the more cars they sell, they are not only put in different positions with higher responsibilities, but they get more money because of it. Money is a big incentive award that almost everyone strives for. People need to pay bills, get food, and pay their mortgages to live under a roof. Hence, money, whether implicitly or explicitly, is a reward that every working person strives for. The only question is to what degree they strive for achievement to make money. Last, we have the motivation of fear. Abhorrence motivation forces an individual to behave against his or her will. Why is it so important? The job at hand gets done quicker and pleases the superiors, although the work may be far from adequate. Two types of instinctual drives for motivation include intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is when people are enticed to participate in some bustle in the absence of any genuine transcendent motives, just like a hobby. Motivation that is the opposite of intrinsic is called extrinsic motivation. This occurs when an individual perpetrates in a bustle for a reward that materialistic and proves gains in the amount of lots of money. One last thing to note is that there are pluralities of roles at play which can alter the aftermath of motivation. For example, ones aptitude, commitment, intentions, persistence, fear of success, pre-ordained behavior, temptation, and being hungry all affect motivation. Theories of Motivation: Drive-Reduction, Achievement-Motivation, Interests Driven by Instinct, Hierarchy of Human Needs, Self-Control, the Goal-Setting Theory Since motivation is so diverse, yet integral to organizational psychology, numerous and diverse theories of motivation have been presented to explicate the suspicions of each and why one better explains workplace issues than the others. First, there is the drive-reduction theory. According to this hypothesis, as time goes on, the potency of the drive thrives as it is not met with satisfaction. Thus, when we finally do satisfy that drive by giving it what it wants, the drives potency is reduced. McClelland devised a theory where people need three basic things. Such things include the desire for arbitrary power, desire to actualize, and one of affiliation. A rather popular and generally obvious motivational theory has to do with people doing what interests them. If an individual has a potent likeness in one area, then coming to conclusive actualizations in that facet will be extremely strong, holding support relative to deriving conclusions in facets of fragile importance. An extremely lethal and well-documented motivational hypothesis was concocted by Maslow (1943) in what he calls the hierarchy of human needs. His so-called needs include security, civil, confidence, and the actualization of ones self. Next, there is the self-control theory of motivation. Psychological intelligence plays a key role in the self-control of motivation. An individual may be a genius academically, but may have no motivation or drive to implement and thrive on his abilities to certain jobs. Additionally, antecedents can be explicated like a frailty or desire that stimulates ones behavior, which can be directed towards a motive or an incentive. Such aforementioned drives are commonly known to derive from inside the person and do not dictate any outside influences to entice the behavior. Basic desires and needs potentially could be caused by one being hungry, which drives a person to eat. The goal-setting theory is quite interesting and has a powerful effect to it. This goal-setting theory is much like positive reinforcement. MY LIFE EXPERIENCE WITH APPLIED INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Choosing the Right and Efficient Type of Leadership According to Locke and Latham (1991), leadership is organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. (p. 131) Promulgating perceptions, hypostasizing connotations and the surrounding concocted ambience can be actualized (Richards Engle, 1986, p. 206). While serving in the Marine Corps, you start out as a robotic-responsive individual. As one works their way up by implementing their choice of leadership skills, one notices that the responsibilities get phenomenal. My experience led me to lead as an environmental leader, which is quite unique because you are not selfishly in control of everyone with any questions asked. Carmazzi (2005) argues that the ambiance who maintains a leader is the individual who holds favor to a certain group or other type of environment to dictate the ardent and psychological conception of a persons rank in that specific community. Unlike the other many leadership types, I was drawn to be an environment leader because I could utilize culture to motivate my troops and people, as well as preparing them to become leaders in all areas. But this style of leadership is dependent on creating an educational phenomenon, in which communities could learn interactively the basic psychology of group dynamics from one another within the culture. But this leader must also have a strong knowledge base with psychology. This type of leader must understand psychology, certain languages, in order to sway into the path which citizens of the community were inspired by to do what is expected for the good of the whole. An environment leader believes in leadership through cooperation, not sole arbitrary power. While serving in the military, I realized how important technology and social networking were to meeting peoples individual emotional needs outside of the workplace. But this did not mean that it negatively or positively affected the way they would become leaders or followers. In order to keep up with this transfer of knowledge, technology, and other information, I had to adapt as an environmental leader. As I progressed and took initiative on how to effectively lead in variable environments, I realized that each person has various environments that derive different aspects from their own sole, and each of these aspects is motivated by charging emotional perceptions within each environment. Not only did I have to create an algorithm through schooling and cognizance where people filled each others emotional desires and become more aware of when, and how they can alter personal and collective emotional excellence. Being an environmental leader, I accomplished this by knowing why people respond to their environment instead of acting intelligently. Being an environmental leader is nothing regarding altering the mentality of the group or individuals under you, but in the cultivation of your surrounding that brings out the prime results and inspires the people in that community. Negate the capability to sway others to do things they are not committed to, but rather to discipline a culture that thrives on the drive and even excites people to perform what is mandated for the benefit of all. Its all about success through cooperation, not by an arbitrary leader who dictates everything including making decisions on behalf of everyone. CONCLUSION Motivation has a lot of power in and of itself. Deciding which particular type or theory-or plurality of types and theoriesof motivation is a hard choice, but if you scrutinize enough, you can be an effective leader in an ethical way. Leadership is not just something that someone is born with. Relative to the aforementioned theories, types, and sub-types of motivations, one can effectively learn to use those types in order to be a good leader. I was never born a leader. I was always a follower. That is, until I joined the U.S. Marine Corps. But leading does not just entail an individual that leads. It is much more. It can be a plurality of employees or people that work together to lead for the benefit of all underneath them. Industrial psychology helps explicate which theories or types of motivation there are, as well as why certain categories of motivation are chosen by employees in the workplace.

Standing Up For Yourself :: Personal Narrative Writing

Standing Up For Yourself My first year of junior high, (in our school that was seventh grade) I was not spending all my time trying to be popular like all the other people in my grade. I was just being me how I always had been. One day at I was sitting at the lunch table with a bunch of people I would hang around with sometimes. Some of them were talking about there weekends. Then my friend Sami said, "Hey guys you wanna know what I did this weekend?" Everybody was like "yea" Sami continued on saying, "Well I went to this party with my cousin and we were drinking and they she gave me a couple of joints and from there on I don’t remember the rest of the night, but it was awesome." "I think that I am gonna do this more often you get a really awesome high of it." By this time everybody sitting around her was like that is so cool. Everybody was really into what Sami said, and as the days went by they acting almost as if she was a god and they had to follow her everymove. One day I was talking with my friend Rosie during Lunch when Sami came over. Sami interrupted us saying "Would either of you guys like to join me outside for a joint?" I said "No I have homework to do and anyways I have better things to do then kill off my brain cells." Sami just glared at me for a minute. Then said "Rosie what about you, Are you still cool or do you wanna be a dweeb like some OTHER people at this table." So Rosie left. Later that day during study hall I tried to talk to Sami. "Hey Sami" I said, "What is up over there?" "Not much" she replied. "I really need to talk to you about earlier today in the lunch room." "What about today?" Sami asked curiously "Well, about you pressuring Rosie into feeling like she couldn't do what she wanted to do, but like she had to do whatever you want her to do like you are her mother or something. What is up with that?" "Well you know she really wanted to do it." "If she did then why did you have to almost force her to go with you. I think you are taking this cool thing a little to far." Sami snapped back, "I think that you are just jealous cause everyone thinks I am cool now and I am center of attention and your NOT!"

“Cyberschool” by Clifford Stoll Essay

Cyberschool is a story well written by Clifford Stoll, who shows us what Cberschool is. Cyberschool is an idea, a reform, and a solution that has been explained in the story. The idea of Cyberchool is ironic and unceremonious, or at least explained that way. The use of technology is in play, trying to expand education by using technology. As a reform, they discussed getting rid of teachers, and that would cut back lot of other opportunities. Seeing a teacher is one thing that your not able to do, and sometimes is very important to get a face to face experience. It also eliminates luxuries such as, art lessons, and field trips. All these things that are being eliminated recoup the price of what’s spent on the computers. Money as well would have to be spent on CD-ROMs for educational games. Cyberschool is said to showcase technology and train students for the upcoming electronic workplace. Author Clifford Stoll expresses Cyberschool theme to us as tremendously satirical and informal. Bringing back reform, the paper is shown that it’s supposed to help, but rather far from that. Clifford Stoll has well expressed his thoughts, and theme with a clear understanding, but still slacked on some certain occasions. The idea is just crazy, but some may find it genius. After reading Cyberschool, it kept reminding me of online classes. I have personally taken them, and find them not as bad as some may think. It is an advantage to have a face-to-face discussion with a teacher though. If at anytime have questions, they wouldn’t be able to get the same answer as a teacher would give. Cyberschool to me was a well-written plan, and had ups and downs. It could save money and cost money, for example, getting rid of teachers, and buying computers and CD-ROMs.

Coin Opreated Vending Machine Based on Microcontroller

average vending machines are commonplace at railway stations, airports, fast-food restaurants and even in companies. Press a switch and the machine delivers a cup of your favorite drink. This looks quite a simple operation but has a very complex logic behind it: It involves use of twelve precision timers and four counters apart from physical devices like display, solenoid and motor to deliver water and premixed tea/coffee/soup powder in exact quantity for better taste and in exact sequence.This has become possible because of the use of micro controllers, which allow compact size, higher reliability, lower cost and multiple functionalists. This tea/coffee/soup vending machine controller uses Free-scale latest AT89S52   micro controller chip. The controller is programmable and user friendly. You can set the quantity of the beverages through a button switch provided on the front panel of the controller as per your requirements. Thus, cups of any size can be filled at any time. But you can insert a 10RS.Coin in the system then is working. For human beings, recognizing if a coin is real is pretty easy. We can look at the coin, weigh it in our hand, feel the temperature, listen to it hit the floor, etc. If someone handed you a coin replica made of plastic, you would immediately know it is fake even if it looked authentic to your eyes. If someone handed you a blank steel slug, it would obviously be â€Å"not a coin† because it wouldn’t look like a coin at all. What we take for granted as humans is not so easy for a vending machine.A vending machine needs a relatively inexpensive way to detect if a coin is real. Circuit Diagram: Block Diagram: http://ayusdumaru. blogspot. in/p/vending-machine. html http://www. docstoc. com/docs/134527341/Coin-operated-vending-machine http://www. scribd. com/doc/13916969/Ece-10-Documentation-Vending-Machine Be it schools, colleges or commercial establishments, vending machines, also known as automatic retailing, are ever ywhere. Most of the time, vending machines are used to sell beverages like tea, coffee and sodas, candies, snacks, gumballs, lottery tickets etc. o people. If you look at the history of vending machines, it is believed that the first such machine was actually invented way back in 215 BC by a Greek mathematician and used in Egyptian temples to dispense holy water! Thereafter, the first commercial vending machine was installed in 1880 in England, which was coin operated and sold postcards. It was only in the year 1888, that vending machine business made an entry into New York, America by way of the Thomas Adams Gum Company, which installed these machines at the subway platforms in New York City and sold gum.After that, there has been a no looking back, with everything, right from postcards, cigarettes, sodas, snacks, being provided through them to the customers, with just the push of a button! People would have thought that there can be nothing as convenient as these machines, but now , looking at what the vending machines of the future promise, this thinking will certainly get changed. Let us know something interesting about the future vending machines. Machines that Recognizes Age and Sex!Believe it or not, but there are vending machines installed at a Station in Tokyo, Japan, which can actually recognize a person's age and sex and suggest options accordingly. They have inbuilt cameras which recognize the activities taking place outside the machine. This machine comes with a 47-inch touch panel display, instead of the push-button system which are the usual fare with vending machines. They are controlled by a centralized server, which are in turn monitored by the vending company. When a customer comes in this machine's vicinity, images of various drinks are displayed on the screen.The machine will sense the customer's age and sex and then recommend a few drinks according to that. Also, if the customer wants some more information on a particular drink, such as it s nutritional information, they can actually zoom in and get it! These machines are godsend for marketers as when nobody is within a ten foot radius of these machines, their screens display advertisements! No More Credit Cards! A Massachusetts company who is into manufacturing vending machines, proclaims that soon there will be biometric vending machines introduced in the market.These biometric machines will recognize a person through his fingerprints. Through these customers can actually connect a credit card to the imprint of their thumb! The Massachusetts company predicts that such machines, which make the customers feel engaged will be the new future of vending machines. There are also some talks going around that certain vending machines are being manufactured and tested which will allow retinal scans of the customers. The customers will thus be recognized through their retinas and thereafter, charged for their vending machine purchases.A very useful feature of these vending ma chines, for companies who have installed them, is that they will come with Ethernet connections. This will enable them to recognize real fast when the machine needs to be re-stocked. Also, if the machine is somehow not working properly due to a coin being stuck in it, the monitors will report it immediately and the same fault can be corrected within no time. It is believed that these machines will get installed within the next one year. Looking at their benefits, they are indeed a â€Å"win-win† for customers, companies as well as advertisers!Read more at Buzzle:  http://www. buzzle. com/articles/vending-machines-of-the-future. html The Advantages and Disadvantages of Vending  Machines Vending machines are the most easy to use produce of the recent years. A cashier is ultimately unnecessary when it comes to vending machines, and yet it delivers food of all sorts. All you have to do is to fill the coin slot with the right amount of money, press the button according to what you desire to obtain, and then it comes right out of the machine. Pressing some button is all that it takes for you to gain satisfaction whenever you are hungry.It was already several decades back when the concept of vending machines came to life; it was when a mathematician put a coin in a machine slot, which eventually handed out water. During the industrial era, the use of vending machines have been taken advantaged by the public for the reason that these machines were already positioned in universities, hallways, and in workplaces. It is for the reason that  vending machines  provide you with your necessities almost instantly, that people consider it as a very much reliable choice.Not all people think of that, unfortunately; there are those who consider vending machines as tools that let you waste your hard-earned money to its costly products. People also are indeed dreadful when the item that they want to purchase gets stuck in the machine. This further proves that vending machines can both be beneficial and a waste of time for some people. The greatest benefit of these vending machines is that they are very versatile and convenient. When you find yourself in the middle of closed shops, with a hungry stomach, a vending machine can really come in handy.When you do not have the time in your hands, and you really need something to eat, these vending machines can be the sole answer to your problems. When you talk about vending machines, costly items always come with it, making this one of its major disadvantages. Compared to items being sold in other stores, those items that are on vending machines are way on the high-priced spectrum. Therefore, if you want to, then do not stop yourself from spending so much. Another disadvantage is the harmful snacks that they offer.Teenagers almost always patronize these unhealthy snacks that are constantly available in vending machines. Studies have shown that a great deal of foods and beverages in these machines are low in nutritional values. After knowing the different advantages and disadvantages of  vending machines, only you can make the final decision whether or not you still want to continue using it. Some people may have conflicting ideas when this topic arises. Nevertheless, what matters most is that you learn to stand on what you believe in. Besides, these machines have been designed to increase our comfort, with no other harm intended.

Adolescent Behaviors and the Challenges in Society Today Essay

Increased awareness needs to be established so that adults can be aware of adolescent behaviors and challenges in our society today. Some issues as simple as adolescents are being ostracized because of obesity, mothers work schedule causing risky behaviors, children being raised by depressed mothers, parent stress causing adolescents not to have good self-concept, and adolescents being involved in risky behavior in order to be accepted by peers. All of these actions are causing behaviors such as teen pregnancy, self-injuries, suicide, and eating disorders. Research states many of these behaviors have high statistics coming from the home environment. The United States having the highest teen pregnancy rate all around, what are parents doing wrong and how can society be educated so that behaviors can change with adolescents in the world today. With increased awareness of what adolescents are doing, adults can be helpful to adolescents who are so desperately in need of attention? A family needs to raise their children in a Christian setting so they will have a solid foundation when they grow into adolescents because, they need to be strong enough to face the challenges, peer pressures, and behaviors of our adolescents who are not raised to know right from wrong in their environment. Because of reality of society all adolescents will be challenged to deal with other adolescent behaviors. Adolescents can’t be put into a bubble and be protected from what society has to offer. Society is proof that there is lack of guidance for adolescents in the world today. Is society proof that there is lack of guidance for adolescents in the world today? Research proves lack of guidance is evident. In this study research says that adolescent problems can stem from weight problems, peer pressure, parents work schedule, and parent stress, causing many different behaviors in adolescents. See more:  The Story of an Hour Literary Analysis Essay The discussion in one of the articles researched says that social status for adolescents depend on how your body is developed. Girls and boys are not being accepted or are not popular by peers if they are overweight. â€Å"Adolescent girls are more popular if they have the â€Å"perceived body size† and the boy’s popularity depends on the â€Å"overall muscularity† of his body† (Wang,S.S., Houshyar, &Prinstein, 2006). The research in this article is based on â€Å"522 students in grades 11 and 12.† (Wang, 2006) â€Å"The research was discovered by students choosing popular kids and not so popular kids and results being those popular kids, having the perceived bodies being popular and the not so popular kids being overweight† (Wang, 2006). This research states â€Å"Messages within the media or family promoting ‘idea’ body shapes may be reinforced within adolescents’ own peer groups and associated with social rewards that are particularly salient during this developmental stage† (Wang, 2006). â€Å"Adolescents who desire to achieve high levels of status among peers may be motivated to engage in behaviors that will help them achieve an â€Å"ideal† body shape. (Wang, 2006) Do adolescents have to be socially ostracized by peers to be motivated to look the same as others to be accepted? Are we accepting these behaviors from adolescents, that they should ostracized by anyone? With appropriate guidance and education, we can help adolescents with weight problems instead of adolescents wanting to lose weight to be accepted by peers. The cultural idea for adolescents is to be slim and trim and when they are not slim and trim they react with different kinds of eating disorders. â€Å"Psychological consequences may be particularly severe during a time of life when body image is of special concern† (Feldman, 2011). Anorexia is a disorder when the person refuses to eat because they are afraid of getting fat. ( 2011) When our adolescents don’t get the proper diet it can cause health problems and psychological problems in our children. Feldman states obesity is the most common problem with our adolescents stating that, â€Å"One in 5 adolescents is overweight, and 1 in 20 can be formally classified as obese† (Feldman, 2011) Our text states why our children are becoming overweight and not getting the exercise they need to burn the calories they are eating.(2011) It is a challenge to go past a fast food place because of the affordable prices and availability. It is a challenge for family’s to eat at home. The text also states a disorder called bulimia which adolescents eat large amounts of food and then they vomit it out of their system.(2011) These disorders are very serious and can lead to many health problems. The challenge for adolescents to have the perceived body weight is hurtful to those who are considered overweight or obese. This idea of perceived body weight is causing depression which causes risky behaviors for adolescents. Another example that shows guidance is vital is in this article about peer pressure and friend influences. The article states how our adolescents are being influenced by peer pressure. Do our adolescents have to join the group norms to be accepted or are they strong enough to say no and still be liked by the group? In this research there are two categories of friends called stable friends and unstable friends. Who influence who? According to research â€Å"the more accepted friend had greater influence than the less accepted friend after the friendship was established† ( Laursen, 2012). When the stable friends were paired up with the unstable friends, the stable friends were influencing the unstable friends. (2012 ) â€Å"The stable friends being the popular group and the unstable friend being the less popular group the unstable group was being pressured by the stable groups† (Laursen, B., Hafen, C. A., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H† (2012). Research stated that the unst able friends did not influence the stable friends. (2012) The stable friends were influencing to the unstable friends because of their status in who they were and the unstable friends were being accepted. The research shows how â€Å"adolescents alter behaviors so that they will fit in even when it comes to alcohol consumption and other deviant behaviors† (Laursen, 2012). This is a challenge even for the stable friends to be able to say no to the alcohol and other deviant behaviors. If parents would teach their children about peer pressure, use the word as something happens, the children would know when an issue comes up and they said they did it because everyone else did, let them know they allowed themselves to do the wrong thing because of peer pressure. How something as simple as parental work schedules cause risky behaviors in adolescents. Why are parental work schedules vital when it comes to adolescent risky behaviors? What are adolescents doing while parents are at work? The article provides â€Å"new evidence on the pathways linking parental work schedules with adolescent risky behaviors†( Han, W.-J., Miller, D. P., & Waldfogel, J. (2010). The research states that years of night shift work for mothers indicate that the relationship between their children are not developed as to mothers who work day time jobs.(2010) Parents working to make a living are having to sacrifice having a relationship with their children. As these parents work it allows more freedom for risky behaviors. Also, while parents are working different shifts research indicates that parents don’t know what their children are doing or where their children are.(2010) â€Å"Effects were particularly evident when parents work such schedules during children’s middle childhood years but were also evident during preschool years and early adolescence†(Han, 2010). Our analyses by children’s developmental stage suggest that the number of year’s parents worked nonstandard hours at various stages of childhood influence adolescent outcomes, but in different ways depending on the stage when nonstandard shift work occurred. These results make sense given that children face very different developmental tasks during these different stages. In the middle childhood years mark a time of important changes related to school transitions, developmental advances that establish children’s sense of identity, and developing relationships with parents and peers. These years serve as a foundation for later development, and experiences during these periods can have lasting effects. (Han, 2010) The risky behaviors focused on in this article while parents are working was, â€Å"cigarette smoking, alcohol use, drug use, delinquency, and sexual behavior. With evidence of all these behaviors in adolescents because of parents work schedule, parental guidance is vital in our society today so that these behaviors will be recognized by parents so they will know that their adolescent needs some attention. This article provides facts about how much parent stress is apparent toward parenting behavior and how it reflects adolescent’s self-concept? According to the findings in this article, parent behavior reflected on their stress that they deal with daily? How does the parent behavior affect the adolescent’s self-concept? The article debates how the lax parents and stern parent’s reactions are toward adolescent’s self-concept. The parent’s relationship to the child contributes to the child’s â€Å"self-concept and well-being.† Without self-worth how can adolescents achieve what they need to accomplish in their life as they grow into adulthood. Putnick, D.L., Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Painter, K.M., Suwalsky, J.T. D.&Collins, W.A. (2008)† Why is society having so many problems with adolescents? Appropriate parental guidance is vital so that adolescents can grow into healthy men and woman. However, we have adolescents growing up and being exposed to many different challenges. Being raised by a mother who has dealt with depression, the article states that the children are the caretakers of the siblings and the house. (2009) The authors stated that they observed â€Å"a 13-year old boy talked about regularly preparing dinner for his mother and younger sibling (instrumental caretaking) and a 9-year old girl offered suggestions to her mother for ways to feel better and reduce her stress at work, including setting up and appointment to talk with her boss. (Emotiona l caretaking)† (Champion,Jaser, Reeslund, Simmons, Potts, Shears,Ccompas, (2009). â€Å"Emotional and instrumental caretaking were significantly correlated with greater self-reported anxiety-depression symptoms only among adolescents whose mothers had a history of depression† (Champion, 2009).The research states that â€Å"mothers think there children are more capable if they are preforming emotional caretaking however the children feel more anxiety and depression when they are preforming those task† (Champion, 2009). How do these children stand a chance to grow and develop their needs if they are caring for depressed mother? The challenges these children face are tremendous as they grow into adult hood. They totally missed childhood and all their lives saw their mother cry, take overdose and the many other behaviors that depressed people do. These children grow cold of emotions. They don’t know how to express except the way their mother expressed. How do we expect them to grow up as good citizens? The United States having the highest teen pregnancy rate of all other countries is not making a good statement of how adolescents are seeking to get the attention they need. The authors in this article state that a â€Å"disturbing discovery that the percentage of apparently involuntary sex among female teens is a significant social problem, around 13% for ages 15-19 by one estimation† (Thomas and Dimitrox, 2007). Also another alarming fact discovered is that â€Å"over half of teens ages 15-19 have had oral sex, including roughly 25% who have not engaged in vaginal sex (2007). Seeing it as a strategy to avoid pregnancies, many teens believe that oral sex avoids the prospect of STD’s including HIV/AIDS. (Thomas, and Dimitrox (2007).† Research detects that direct effects of teen pregnancy are coming from background variables such as family poverty, early school failure, and dysfunctional family systems. â€Å"Some research suggests that most of the economic consequences of early childbearing can be explained by family background variables.†(Thomas and Dimitrox, 2007) However, research is not saying that all teen pregnancies are coming from these variables. â€Å"Recent data suggest that the number of children living in poverty in the United States would have risen by 8.3% if the teen birth rates had not declined as they did for the years 1991-2003† (Thomas , 2007). Education to adolescents and parents is vital. There are so many grandparents raising the adolescents’ babies. The adolescents never have to take responsibility for their action because they have someone to raise their child. What do they do but go have another child for their parents. Even more hurtful than teen pregnancy, would be facing a knock on the door telling you you’re adolescent tried to commit suicide or even worse committed suicide. â€Å"The institute of Medicine defines a suicide attempt as a nonfatal, self-inflicted destructive act with the explicit or implied intent to die.† (Hausmann, C., Kuhlberg, J., A., Zayas, L.H., Nolle, A., P., & Cintron, S., L. 2012) We often think that these things can’t happen to us until we are faced with the issue at hand. Research says that â€Å"depression is the number one disorder diagnosed among adolescents†( Hausmann, 2012). Research also states that depression is associated with the greatest risk of suicide attempts.(2012) â€Å"Adolescents are using objects in their homes to commit suicide such as, drug overdose, knives, pieces of glass, nail files, and guns† (Hausmann, 2012). Less common attempting methods were â€Å"jumping off buildings, suffocating by placing plastic bags over their heads, and trying to hang themselves† (Hausmann, 2012). The majority of adolescents in this study had a lifetime history of two to more than six previous suicide attempts† (Hausmann, 2012). The authors state that the â€Å"Latino population adolescents are at high risk for attempted suicide† (Hausmann, 2012).† Latino population for the youth is up to 41% in the US†(Hausmann,2012). The 76 adolescents in this study have already tried suicide 2 or 3 times. The article states that adolescents will try suicide in the next 3 or 4 months and may continue trying suicide up to the next 12 years. (Hausmann, 2012) `Talk about a heartbreaking behavior for parent, siblings, whom ever involved. If parents could get some education on some of these behaviors, to reinforce that there is a problem with Adolescents growing up in society today. â€Å"The structure of the family for the last couple decades has changed in many ways. With an increase in the number of parents who both work outside of the home, soaring divorce rate, and a rise in single-parent families, the environment faced by children passing through middle childhood in the 21st century is very different from that faced by prior generation† (Feldman, 2011 pg.332). Conclusion is that a family needs to raise their children in a Christian setting so they will have a solid foundation when they grow into adolescents because, they need to be strong enough to face the challenges, peer pressures, and behaviors of adolescents today. Adolescents who go to church are not free from this kind of behaviors but have a solid rock to stand on if they know the Lord. Is society proof that there is lack of guidance for adolescents in the world today? Reference Champion, J. E., Jaser, S. S., Reeslund, K. L., Simmons, L., Potts, J. E., Shears, A. R., & Compas, B. E. (2009). Caretaking behaviors by adolescent children of mothers with and without a history of depression. Journal of Family Psychology 23(2), 156-166 . Feldman S.R., (2011). Food, and Eating Disorders: Fueling the Growth of Adolescence, Development across the Life Span, Pg.365. Grella, C. E., Stein, J. A., & Greenwell, L. (2005). Associations among Childhood Trauma, Adolescent Problem Behaviors, and Adverse Adult Outcomes in Substance-Abusing Women Offenders. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(1), 43-53. Han, W.-J., Miller, D. P., & Waldfogel, J. (2010). Parental work schedules and adolescent risky behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1245-1267. Hausmann-Stabile, C., Kuhlberg, J. A., Zayas, L. H., Nolle, A. P., & Cintron, S. L. (2012). Means, intent, lethality, behaviors, and psychiatric diagnosis in Latina adolescent suicide attempters. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(3), 241-248. Laursen, B., Hafen, C. A., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2012). Friend influence over adolescent problem behaviors as a function of relative peer acceptance: To be liked is to be emulated. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 88-94. Nock, M. K., Holmberg, E. B., Photos, V. I., & Michel, B. D. (2007). Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 309-317. Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Painter, K. M., Suwalsky, J. T. D., & Collins, W. A. (2008). Parenting stress, perceived parenting behaviors, and adolescent self-concept in European American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 752-762. Thomas, C.L., & Dimitrov, D. M. (2007). Effects of a teen pregnancy prevention program on teen’s attitudes toward sexuality: A latent trait modeling approach. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 173-185.